FINAL EXAM – STUDY REVIEW
1. PRESENT SIMPLE (Presente simple)
We use the Present Simple to talk about routines, habits and daily activities.
(Usamos el presente simple para hablar de rutinas, hábitos y actividades diarias).
Structure:
I / You / We / They + verb.
He / She / It + verb + S / ES.
Examples:
I play football every Saturday. (Yo juego fútbol todos los sábados).
My brother plays football every Saturday. (Mi hermano juega fútbol todos los sábados).
Questions:
Do you study English?
Does she cook dinner?
Remember: With HE, SHE and IT, the verb takes S or ES in affirmative sentences. In questions, use DOES + base verb.
2. PAST SIMPLE (Pasado simple)
We use the Past Simple for actions that started and finished in the past.
(Usamos el pasado simple para acciones que comenzaron y terminaron en el pasado).
Structure:
Regular verbs: verb + ED.
Irregular verbs: special past form.
Examples:
She finished her homework yesterday. (Ella terminó su tarea ayer).
They went to school. (Ellos fueron al colegio).
Time expressions: Yesterday, last week, last Saturday, ago.
3. PAST CONTINUOUS (Pasado continuo)
We use the Past Continuous for actions that were happening at a specific moment in the past.
(Usamos el pasado continuo para acciones que estaban ocurriendo en un momento del pasado).
Structure:
Subject + WAS / WERE + verb-ING.
I / He / She / It → WAS.
You / We / They → WERE.
Examples:
I was studying. (Yo estaba estudiando).
We were watching TV. (Nosotros estábamos viendo televisión).
Important:
When one action interrupts another:
Past Continuous = long action.
Past Simple = interrupting action.
Example:
While we were watching TV, the lights went out.
(Mientras veíamos televisión, se fue la luz).
Question: What were you doing when the teacher arrived?
4. FUTURE SIMPLE – WILL (Futuro simple)
We use WILL for predictions, promises and spontaneous decisions.
(Usamos WILL para predicciones, promesas y decisiones espontáneas).
Structure:
Subject + WILL + base verb.
Examples:
Technology will change our lives. (La tecnología cambiará nuestras vidas).
I will study tomorrow. (Estudiaré mañana).
Negative: WILL NOT / WON'T.
Remember: After WILL, always use the base form of the verb.
Correct: She will study.
Incorrect: She will studies.
5. BE GOING TO (Voy a)
We use BE GOING TO for future plans and predictions based on evidence.
(Usamos BE GOING TO para planes futuros y predicciones basadas en evidencias).
Structure:
Subject + AM / IS / ARE + GOING TO + verb.
I → AM.
He / She / It → IS.
You / We / They → ARE.
Examples:
It is going to rain. (Va a llover).
I am going to study. (Voy a estudiar).
Important: Look at those clouds! It is going to rain.
6. FRUITS AND VEGETABLES (Frutas y verduras)
FRUITS – FRUTAS
Apple – Manzana
Mango – Mango
Grapes – Uvas
Strawberry – Fresa
Watermelon – Sandía
Peach – Durazno
Banana – Banano
Pear – Pera
VEGETABLES – VERDURAS
Carrot – Zanahoria
Potato – Papa
Onion – Cebolla
Lettuce – Lechuga
Broccoli – Brócoli
Spinach – Espinaca
Cabbage – Repollo
Cucumber – Pepino
7. OPPOSITE WORDS (Palabras contrarias)
Learn these opposite pairs:
| English | Español | Opposite | Español |
|---|---|---|---|
| Expensive | Costoso | Cheap | Barato |
| Ancient | Antiguo | Modern | Moderno |
| Big | Grande | Small | Pequeño |
| Hot | Caliente | Cold | Frío |
| Easy | Fácil | Difficult | Difícil |
| Tall | Alto | Short | Bajo |
| Happy | Feliz | Sad | Triste |
| Fast | Rápido | Slow | Lento |
8. THERE IS / THERE ARE (Hay)
We use THERE IS and THERE ARE to indicate the existence of something.
(Usamos THERE IS y THERE ARE para indicar que algo existe o hay algo).
THERE IS = HAY (singular)
There is a book. (Hay un libro).
There is some milk. (Hay leche).
THERE ARE = HAY (plural)
There are many books. (Hay muchos libros).
There are two students. (Hay dos estudiantes).
Questions:
Is there any milk? (¿Hay leche?).
Are there any students? (¿Hay estudiantes?).
Remember:
IS → singular or uncountable nouns.
ARE → plural countable nouns.
9. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (Sustantivos contables e incontables)
COUNTABLE NOUNS (Contables)
Things we can count individually.
(Cosas que podemos contar individualmente).
Examples:
One apple – Una manzana.
Two chairs – Dos sillas.
Three students – Tres estudiantes.
We use:
MANY – Muchos/as.
A FEW – Unos pocos/as.
A / AN – Un / Una.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (Incontables)
Things we cannot usually count individually.
(Cosas que generalmente no podemos contar individualmente).
Examples:
Water – Agua.
Rice – Arroz.
Milk – Leche.
Sugar – Azúcar.
Information – Información.
We use:
MUCH – Mucho/a.
A LITTLE – Un poco de.
SOME – Algo de / algunos/as.
ANY – Algo de / ningún(a), según el contexto.
Examples:
How many students are there? (¿Cuántos estudiantes hay?).
How much water do you need? (¿Cuánta agua necesitas?).
I need some information. (Necesito información).
Remember:
MANY → Countable nouns.
MUCH → Uncountable nouns.
10. ZERO CONDITIONAL (Condicional cero)
We use the Zero Conditional for facts, general truths and scientific facts.
(Usamos el condicional cero para hechos, verdades generales y hechos científicos).
Structure:
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE.
Examples:
If you heat ice, it melts. (Si calientas el hielo, se derrite).
If people don't sleep enough, they feel tired. (Si las personas no duermen lo suficiente, se sienten cansadas).
Both parts use PRESENT SIMPLE.
11. FIRST CONDITIONAL (Primer condicional)
We use the First Conditional for real or possible situations in the future.
(Usamos el primer condicional para situaciones reales o posibles en el futuro).
Structure:
IF + PRESENT SIMPLE, WILL + BASE VERB.
Examples:
If I study hard, I will pass the exam. (Si estudio mucho, aprobaré el examen).
If it rains tomorrow, we will cancel the picnic. (Si llueve mañana, cancelaremos el picnic).
Remember:
IF clause → Present Simple.
Main clause → WILL + base verb.
Incorrect: If I will study, I will pass.
Correct: If I study, I will pass.
IMPORTANT GRAMMAR SUMMARY
| Topic | Structure |
|---|---|
| Present Simple | Subject + verb (S/ES) |
| Past Simple | Subject + verb in past |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + verb-ING |
| Future Simple | Subject + will + verb |
| Going to | Subject + am/is/are + going to + verb |
| There is | Singular / Uncountable |
| There are | Plural |
| Zero Conditional | If + present, present |
| First Conditional | If + present, will + verb |
